The base unit for linking paper documents is a single page. Therefore, in the case of the interactive paper plug-in (iPaper) developed in the Global Information Systems (GlobIS) research group at ETH Zurich, a resource is represented by a single page and a selector is an active area defined by a shape within that page.
The iPaper plug-in supports simple links between printed and digital materials as well as highly interactive applications where
users can easily move back and forth between the printed and digital worlds.
Since we are not interested in capturing and digitising physical objects, but rather in augmenting them with supplementary
information, we do not have to store a digital version of a document’s content within the iServer framework.
We only need to store some metadata about a printed document, such as its dimension and the number of associated
pages, in the form of a digital document model. The digital document model allows us to define selectors on documents
which can then be used to link from physical documents to digital content, from any digital information to
physical content or to build links between physical documents. For that purpose, we need the concepts of documents
and pages providing us with meta information about specific documents. The document type has been modelled as a
container which is able to contain zero or more pages. Each document has a unique document identifier which is
used for the mapping from a physical document to its digital document model instance. The only information
provided by a specific page is its page number and dimension. By modelling documents and pages as two separate
concepts, in a first step, we can use either a whole document or a specific document page as a source or target
anchor of a specific link.
Fig. 1: iPaper architecture
If one thinks of how we work with paper documents and organise them, often we do not annotate or link entire
documents or pages but rather mark specific parts of a page with a highlighter pen or write marginal notes.
Furthermore, section headings and document indices are often used as the basis for providing links within paper
documents. Therefore, it is evident that we need to support a means of addressing specific parts of a page.
The concept of the selectors provided by the iServer link model is exactly what is required to address
specific parts of a resource.
The introduction of geometrical shapes as a specific form of selector for interactive paper enables us to
define active areas on a page. Each time a user points to a position within an active region, its associated
links will be activated. In the case of interactive paper, the page type becomes a specific implementation
(subtype) of the more general resource type whereas the shape and its subtypes are resource-specific implementations
of the selector concept. The definition of a page selector implies that an input device for the interactive
paper framework provides a document identifier and a page number as well as the absolute (x,y) position within
a page. This input data is then used to send a request to the iPaper plug-in which has to resolve the selected shape.
After a request has been sent to the iPaper plug-in, we first fetch the relevant document based on the unique
document identifier. Using the page number information delivered by the input device, we retrieve the
corresponding page object. The only thing to be done now is to check which page selectors (shapes)
are selected by the input device’s current position. This means that, for each selector defined on the
processed page, we have to check whether it contains the current (x,y) position. In the case of
multi-layered active areas, the shape positioned on the topmost layer has to be selected.
Detailed information can be found on the Interactive Paper project page.
Related Publications
2024
Pen-based Interaction,
Beat Signer,
Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature, 2024 (to appear)
Interactive Paper: Past, Present and Future,
Beat Signer and Moira C. Norrie,
Proceedings of PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper Computing,
Copenhagen Denmark, September 2010
Pen-based Interaction,
